2012 |
Golkar, A; Öhman, A Fear extinction in humans: Effects of acquisition–extinction delay and masked stimulus presentations Journal Article Biological Psychology, 91 (2), pp. 292–301, 2012, ISSN: 03010511. Abstract | Links | BibTeX | Tags: Acquisition–extinction delay, Extinction, Fear conditioning, Fear-potentiated startle, Masking @article{Golkar2012b, title = {Fear extinction in humans: Effects of acquisition\textendashextinction delay and masked stimulus presentations}, author = {A Golkar and A \"{O}hman}, url = {http://www.emotionlab.se/wp-content/uploads/2017/10/Golkar_Ohman_2012_fear_extinction.pdf}, doi = {10.1016/j.biopsycho.2012.07.007}, issn = {03010511}, year = {2012}, date = {2012-10-01}, journal = {Biological Psychology}, volume = {91}, number = {2}, pages = {292--301}, abstract = {Fear extinction can be viewed as an inhibitory learning process. This is supported by post-extinction phenomena demonstrating the return of fear, such as reinstatement. Recent work has questioned this account, claiming that extinction initiated immediately after fear acquisition can abolish the return of fear. In the current study, participants were fear conditioned to four different conditioned stimuli (CS) and underwent extinction either immediately or after a 24 h delay. During extinction, we manipulated CS contingency awareness by presenting two of the CSs (one CS+, one CS−) under non-masked conditions and the other two CSs under masked conditions. Compared to delayed extinction, immediate extinction of non-masked CSs promoted less extinction of fear-potentiated startle and shock expectancy ratings and less reinstatement of fear-potentiated startle without affecting shock expectancy ratings. Critically, future research should clarify how the differences between immediate and delayed extinction in within-session extinction modulate the recovery of fear.}, keywords = {Acquisition\textendashextinction delay, Extinction, Fear conditioning, Fear-potentiated startle, Masking}, pubstate = {published}, tppubtype = {article} } Fear extinction can be viewed as an inhibitory learning process. This is supported by post-extinction phenomena demonstrating the return of fear, such as reinstatement. Recent work has questioned this account, claiming that extinction initiated immediately after fear acquisition can abolish the return of fear. In the current study, participants were fear conditioned to four different conditioned stimuli (CS) and underwent extinction either immediately or after a 24 h delay. During extinction, we manipulated CS contingency awareness by presenting two of the CSs (one CS+, one CS−) under non-masked conditions and the other two CSs under masked conditions. Compared to delayed extinction, immediate extinction of non-masked CSs promoted less extinction of fear-potentiated startle and shock expectancy ratings and less reinstatement of fear-potentiated startle without affecting shock expectancy ratings. Critically, future research should clarify how the differences between immediate and delayed extinction in within-session extinction modulate the recovery of fear. |
Peira, N; Golkar, A; Öhman, A; Anders, S; Wiens, S Emotional responses in spider fear are closely related to picture awareness Journal Article Cognition & Emotion, 26 (2), pp. 252–260, 2012, ISSN: 0269-9931. Abstract | Links | BibTeX | Tags: Awareness, Consciousness, Fear, Heart rate, Masking, Psychophysiology @article{Peira2012, title = {Emotional responses in spider fear are closely related to picture awareness}, author = {N Peira and A Golkar and A \"{O}hman and S Anders and S Wiens}, doi = {10.1080/02699931.2011.579087}, issn = {0269-9931}, year = {2012}, date = {2012-02-01}, journal = {Cognition & Emotion}, volume = {26}, number = {2}, pages = {252--260}, abstract = {Theories of emotion propose that responses to emotional pictures can occur independently of whether or not people are aware of the picture content. Because evidence from dissociation paradigms is inconclusive, we manipulated picture awareness gradually and studied whether emotional responses varied with degree of awareness. Spider fearful and non-fearful participants viewed pictures of spiders and flowers at four levels of backward masking while electrodermal activity and heart rate were measured continuously. Recognition ratings confirmed that participants' picture awareness decreased with masking. Critically, effects of spider fear on emotion ratings and heart rate also decreased with masking. These findings suggest that effects of spider fear on emotion ratings and heart rate are closely related to picture awareness.}, keywords = {Awareness, Consciousness, Fear, Heart rate, Masking, Psychophysiology}, pubstate = {published}, tppubtype = {article} } Theories of emotion propose that responses to emotional pictures can occur independently of whether or not people are aware of the picture content. Because evidence from dissociation paradigms is inconclusive, we manipulated picture awareness gradually and studied whether emotional responses varied with degree of awareness. Spider fearful and non-fearful participants viewed pictures of spiders and flowers at four levels of backward masking while electrodermal activity and heart rate were measured continuously. Recognition ratings confirmed that participants' picture awareness decreased with masking. Critically, effects of spider fear on emotion ratings and heart rate also decreased with masking. These findings suggest that effects of spider fear on emotion ratings and heart rate are closely related to picture awareness. |
2007 |
Flykt, A; Esteves, F; Öhman, A Skin conductance responses to masked conditioned stimuli: Phylogenetic/ontogenetic factors versus direction of threat? Journal Article Biological Psychology, 74 (3), pp. 328–336, 2007, ISSN: 03010511. Abstract | Links | BibTeX | Tags: Conditioning, Direction, Guns, Masking, Snakes, Threat @article{Flykt2007, title = {Skin conductance responses to masked conditioned stimuli: Phylogenetic/ontogenetic factors versus direction of threat?}, author = {A Flykt and F Esteves and A \"{O}hman}, doi = {10.1016/j.biopsycho.2006.08.004}, issn = {03010511}, year = {2007}, date = {2007-03-01}, journal = {Biological Psychology}, volume = {74}, number = {3}, pages = {328--336}, abstract = {Evolutionarily old threat stimuli are likely to require less conscious information processing than threat stimuli of a more recent date. To test this proposal two differential conditioning experiments, with biological threat stimuli (e.g. snakes) in half the groups and cultural threat stimuli (e.g. guns) in the other half, were conducted. The conditioned (CS+) and the control (CS−) stimuli were backward masked during the extinction phase to prevent conscious recognition. The differential skin conductance responding for both biological and cultural threat stimuli survived the masking procedure when the conditioned stimuli were directed towards the participants (Experiment 1), but for neither type of CS when stimuli were not directed towards the participants (Experiment 2). These findings are discussed in relation to the previous finding by \"{O}hman and co-workers and in relation to imminence of threat.}, keywords = {Conditioning, Direction, Guns, Masking, Snakes, Threat}, pubstate = {published}, tppubtype = {article} } Evolutionarily old threat stimuli are likely to require less conscious information processing than threat stimuli of a more recent date. To test this proposal two differential conditioning experiments, with biological threat stimuli (e.g. snakes) in half the groups and cultural threat stimuli (e.g. guns) in the other half, were conducted. The conditioned (CS+) and the control (CS−) stimuli were backward masked during the extinction phase to prevent conscious recognition. The differential skin conductance responding for both biological and cultural threat stimuli survived the masking procedure when the conditioned stimuli were directed towards the participants (Experiment 1), but for neither type of CS when stimuli were not directed towards the participants (Experiment 2). These findings are discussed in relation to the previous finding by Öhman and co-workers and in relation to imminence of threat. |
Under Review
2012 |
Golkar, A; Öhman, A Fear extinction in humans: Effects of acquisition–extinction delay and masked stimulus presentations Journal Article Biological Psychology, 91 (2), pp. 292–301, 2012, ISSN: 03010511. @article{Golkar2012b, title = {Fear extinction in humans: Effects of acquisition\textendashextinction delay and masked stimulus presentations}, author = {A Golkar and A \"{O}hman}, url = {http://www.emotionlab.se/wp-content/uploads/2017/10/Golkar_Ohman_2012_fear_extinction.pdf}, doi = {10.1016/j.biopsycho.2012.07.007}, issn = {03010511}, year = {2012}, date = {2012-10-01}, journal = {Biological Psychology}, volume = {91}, number = {2}, pages = {292--301}, abstract = {Fear extinction can be viewed as an inhibitory learning process. This is supported by post-extinction phenomena demonstrating the return of fear, such as reinstatement. Recent work has questioned this account, claiming that extinction initiated immediately after fear acquisition can abolish the return of fear. In the current study, participants were fear conditioned to four different conditioned stimuli (CS) and underwent extinction either immediately or after a 24 h delay. During extinction, we manipulated CS contingency awareness by presenting two of the CSs (one CS+, one CS−) under non-masked conditions and the other two CSs under masked conditions. Compared to delayed extinction, immediate extinction of non-masked CSs promoted less extinction of fear-potentiated startle and shock expectancy ratings and less reinstatement of fear-potentiated startle without affecting shock expectancy ratings. Critically, future research should clarify how the differences between immediate and delayed extinction in within-session extinction modulate the recovery of fear.}, keywords = {}, pubstate = {published}, tppubtype = {article} } Fear extinction can be viewed as an inhibitory learning process. This is supported by post-extinction phenomena demonstrating the return of fear, such as reinstatement. Recent work has questioned this account, claiming that extinction initiated immediately after fear acquisition can abolish the return of fear. In the current study, participants were fear conditioned to four different conditioned stimuli (CS) and underwent extinction either immediately or after a 24 h delay. During extinction, we manipulated CS contingency awareness by presenting two of the CSs (one CS+, one CS−) under non-masked conditions and the other two CSs under masked conditions. Compared to delayed extinction, immediate extinction of non-masked CSs promoted less extinction of fear-potentiated startle and shock expectancy ratings and less reinstatement of fear-potentiated startle without affecting shock expectancy ratings. Critically, future research should clarify how the differences between immediate and delayed extinction in within-session extinction modulate the recovery of fear. |
Peira, N; Golkar, A; Öhman, A; Anders, S; Wiens, S Emotional responses in spider fear are closely related to picture awareness Journal Article Cognition & Emotion, 26 (2), pp. 252–260, 2012, ISSN: 0269-9931. @article{Peira2012, title = {Emotional responses in spider fear are closely related to picture awareness}, author = {N Peira and A Golkar and A \"{O}hman and S Anders and S Wiens}, doi = {10.1080/02699931.2011.579087}, issn = {0269-9931}, year = {2012}, date = {2012-02-01}, journal = {Cognition & Emotion}, volume = {26}, number = {2}, pages = {252--260}, abstract = {Theories of emotion propose that responses to emotional pictures can occur independently of whether or not people are aware of the picture content. Because evidence from dissociation paradigms is inconclusive, we manipulated picture awareness gradually and studied whether emotional responses varied with degree of awareness. Spider fearful and non-fearful participants viewed pictures of spiders and flowers at four levels of backward masking while electrodermal activity and heart rate were measured continuously. Recognition ratings confirmed that participants' picture awareness decreased with masking. Critically, effects of spider fear on emotion ratings and heart rate also decreased with masking. These findings suggest that effects of spider fear on emotion ratings and heart rate are closely related to picture awareness.}, keywords = {}, pubstate = {published}, tppubtype = {article} } Theories of emotion propose that responses to emotional pictures can occur independently of whether or not people are aware of the picture content. Because evidence from dissociation paradigms is inconclusive, we manipulated picture awareness gradually and studied whether emotional responses varied with degree of awareness. Spider fearful and non-fearful participants viewed pictures of spiders and flowers at four levels of backward masking while electrodermal activity and heart rate were measured continuously. Recognition ratings confirmed that participants' picture awareness decreased with masking. Critically, effects of spider fear on emotion ratings and heart rate also decreased with masking. These findings suggest that effects of spider fear on emotion ratings and heart rate are closely related to picture awareness. |
2007 |
Flykt, A; Esteves, F; Öhman, A Skin conductance responses to masked conditioned stimuli: Phylogenetic/ontogenetic factors versus direction of threat? Journal Article Biological Psychology, 74 (3), pp. 328–336, 2007, ISSN: 03010511. @article{Flykt2007, title = {Skin conductance responses to masked conditioned stimuli: Phylogenetic/ontogenetic factors versus direction of threat?}, author = {A Flykt and F Esteves and A \"{O}hman}, doi = {10.1016/j.biopsycho.2006.08.004}, issn = {03010511}, year = {2007}, date = {2007-03-01}, journal = {Biological Psychology}, volume = {74}, number = {3}, pages = {328--336}, abstract = {Evolutionarily old threat stimuli are likely to require less conscious information processing than threat stimuli of a more recent date. To test this proposal two differential conditioning experiments, with biological threat stimuli (e.g. snakes) in half the groups and cultural threat stimuli (e.g. guns) in the other half, were conducted. The conditioned (CS+) and the control (CS−) stimuli were backward masked during the extinction phase to prevent conscious recognition. The differential skin conductance responding for both biological and cultural threat stimuli survived the masking procedure when the conditioned stimuli were directed towards the participants (Experiment 1), but for neither type of CS when stimuli were not directed towards the participants (Experiment 2). These findings are discussed in relation to the previous finding by \"{O}hman and co-workers and in relation to imminence of threat.}, keywords = {}, pubstate = {published}, tppubtype = {article} } Evolutionarily old threat stimuli are likely to require less conscious information processing than threat stimuli of a more recent date. To test this proposal two differential conditioning experiments, with biological threat stimuli (e.g. snakes) in half the groups and cultural threat stimuli (e.g. guns) in the other half, were conducted. The conditioned (CS+) and the control (CS−) stimuli were backward masked during the extinction phase to prevent conscious recognition. The differential skin conductance responding for both biological and cultural threat stimuli survived the masking procedure when the conditioned stimuli were directed towards the participants (Experiment 1), but for neither type of CS when stimuli were not directed towards the participants (Experiment 2). These findings are discussed in relation to the previous finding by Öhman and co-workers and in relation to imminence of threat. |